As an ultra-short scale with a completion time of < 20 s, SOP2 lends itself particularly to the assessment of dispositional optimism in survey contexts in which assessment time or questionnaire space are limited. Moreover, scalar measurement invariance of the scale holds when comparing the UK and Germany, implying the comparability of latent (co)variances and latent means across the two nations. Our results show that the English-language adaptation has satisfactory reliability coefficients and is correlated with 10 external variables in the study (e.g., self-esteem, Emotional Stability, life satisfaction). Because an empirical validation of this English-language SOP2 was hitherto lacking, the aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties (objectivity, reliability, validity) of the English-language adaptation and to investigate measurement invariance across both language versions using heterogeneous quota samples from the UK and Germany. SOP2 is the English-language adaptation of an originally for the German language developed scale. If you are interested in learning more about your personal explanatory style, go here to take Seligman’s optimism test.The Optimism–Pessimism Short Scale–2 (SOP2) described in this article measures the psychological disposition of optimism with two items. Optimistic (internal): Pessimistic (external): Optimistic (external): Pessimistic (internal): The clear-eyed can both take responsibility for their failings and recognize that it’s not ALL their fault when things go south. For example, if your relationship with someone is struggling, it may be because both you (internal) and the other person (external) haven’t put effort into keeping the relationship alive. Generally, it’s important to understand that both good and bad events have many causes, both internal and external. Nevertheless, particularly in cases of depression, some tend to take much more responsibility for bad events than is warranted. A person who habitually insists, “It’s not my fault and I am amazing” sounds more like an arrogant nightmare than an optimist. It’s important to take responsibility for our actions. However, Seligman warns that personalization can be taken too far. As a result, optimists tend to like themselves more. Optimists believe they cause good things while pessimists give credit to other sources. When bad things happen, optimists tend to blame other people or circumstances (external), while pessimists usually blame themselves (internal). Personalization is about who we hold responsible for the causes of events. Optimistic (universal): Pessimistic (specific):ģ. “This kid is annoying” “Kids are annoying” Optimistic (specific): Pessimistic (universal): Conversely, optimists believe good events have universal causes while pessimists think good things happen only in specific cases. When a bad thing happens in a relationship, for example, it bleeds over into work as well. Optimists can keep their troubles separate from the rest of their lives. Optimistic (permanent): Pessimistic (temporary):Ģ. “My supervisor is in a bad mood” “My supervisor is a jerk” Optimistic (temporary): Pessimistic (permanent): Optimists believe good events have permanent causes, whereas pessimists see temporary reasons for good events. Pessimists and optimists tend to use the opposite temporal style for explaining good events. As a result, they tend to stew in the failure and believe it will always continue because the causes are permanent. Pessimists believe bad events will last forever. One failure does not mean future failure because there could be reasons why they did poorly once, but it won’t always happen as it did. Optimists believe bad events are only temporary. In his book, Learned Optimism, Seligman suggests there are three elements to your explanatory style:ġ. Seligman calls this your explanatory style, and it makes all the difference between an optimist with resiliency in the face of challenges, and a pessimist who crumbles under the pressures of life. Years of study led Seligman to conclude that we each have a characteristic approach to making sense of our problems, stressors, challenges, or setbacks How you explain the good and bad things that happen to you.
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